Land Acquisition in India—Evolution & Comparison
1. Introduction
Land Acquisition is the process by which the government acquires private land for public purpose.
Before 2013, land acquisition was governed by the Land Acquisition Act, 1894.
To ensure transparency, fair compensation, and rehabilitation, the LARR Act, 2013 was introduced.
2. Objectives of the 2013 Act
Ensure just and fair compensation.
Mandatory Rehabilitation & Resettlement (R&R).
Enhance transparency through Social Impact Assessment (SIA).
Prevent misuse of urgent acquisition clauses.
Chapter I – Preliminary (Sections 1–3)
Section 1: Short title, extent, and commencement.
Section 2: Applies to government/private acquisition for public purpose.
Section 3: Definitions (important terms like affected family, land acquisition, etc.).
Chapter II – Determination of Social Impact and Public Purpose (Sections 4–9)
Section 4: Social Impact Assessment (SIA) is mandatory.
Section 5–7: Public hearings and expert group review of SIA.
Section 8: Final SIA report to identify public purpose and displacement.
Section 9: Government’s decision based on SIA.
Chapter III – Special Provision for Food Security (Section 10)
Section 10: Restricts acquisition of multi-cropped and irrigated land unless absolutely necessary.
Chapter IV – Notification and Acquisition (Sections 11–16)
Section 11: Preliminary notification for acquisition.
Section 12–13: Objections and public hearing.
Section 14–16: Declaration of acquisition; land survey and taking possession.
Chapter V – Rehabilitation and Resettlement (Sections 16–22)
Section 16–18: Identification of affected families.
Section 19–22: R&R scheme must be approved and disclosed publicly.
Chapter VI – Procedure and Manner of Compensation (Sections 23–30)
Section 23: Market value determination.
Section 24: Double compensation for rural areas.
Section 26–30: Compensation calculation includes solatium, assets, trees, etc.
Chapter VII – National and State R&R Authorities (Sections 43–51)
Sections 43–51: Establish national and state-level authorities to monitor R&R.
🔹 Chapter VIII – Establishment of Land Acquisition, R&R Authority (Sections 51–74)
Sections 51–74: Tribunal for grievance redressal and dispute resolution.
🔹 Chapter IX – Apportionment and Payment (Sections 75–78)
Sections 75–78: Details of how compensation is distributed and disputes settled.
🔹 Chapter X – Temporary Occupation of Land (Sections 79–83)
Section 79: Government can temporarily occupy land for public purpose.
Section 80–83: Compensation and restoration after occupation.
🔹 Chapter XI – Offences and Penalties (Sections 84–89)
Section 84–89: Penalties for false information, misconduct, and non-compliance.
🔹 Chapter XII – Miscellaneous (Sections 90–114)
Includes:
Return of unused land (Section 101).
Exemptions under certain conditions.
Power to make rules.
📋 Schedules:
Schedule I: Compensation components (including land value, solatium, assets).
Schedule II: R&R entitlements for landowners.
Schedule III: R&R for livelihood losers (landless laborers, tenants, etc.).
| Aspect | 1894 Act | 2013 LARR Act |
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Key Definitions
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Public Purpose | Activities serving community needs like roads, hospitals, etc. |
| Affected Family | Family losing land or livelihood due to acquisition |
| Social Impact Assessment (SIA) | Study to assess the effects of land acquisition |
| Solatium | Additional 100% payment for forced acquisition |
| Rehabilitation & Resettlement | Support for those displaced due to acquisition |
🔍 Summary of Major Improvements:
From Landowner-Centric to People-Centric approach.Ensures fair compensation, rehabilitation, and social justice.
Emphasizes transparency, accountability, and participatory planning.
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